Pulmonary Vascular Disease, ARDS & Respiratory Failure

By completing this question set, you will be able to diagnose PE using the Wells criteria–based algorithm, interpret D-dimer appropriately (exclude PE only in low-probability patients), and describe PE hemodynamic consequences. You will classify pulmonary hypertension into WHO groups by mechanism and use PCWP to distinguish pre-capillary (Group 1) from post-capillary (Group 2). You will describe cor pulmonale as RV failure from lung disease–induced PH and identify COPD as the most common cause. You will apply the Berlin criteria for ARDS, describe DAD histopathology (hyaline membranes), distinguish ARDS from cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and explain lung-protective ventilation principles. You will classify respiratory failure as Type I (hypoxemic) or Type II (hypercapnic) using ABG and A-a gradient. You will recognize DAH from its characteristic triad and identify Goodpasture syndrome.