Fluid & Electrolyte Disorders

By completing this question set, you will be able to calculate body fluid compartment volumes and predict the distribution of IV fluids across compartments, apply a systematic algorithm to diagnose hyponatremia (osmolality → volume status → urine sodium) and hypernatremia (water loss vs sodium gain), recognize ECG changes of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia and apply the hyperkalemia management algorithm in correct order of urgency, trace the calcium-PTH-vitamin D-phosphate axis to predict hormonal responses and classify hypercalcemia as PTH-dependent or PTH-independent, and identify magnesium and phosphate disorders including the critical concept that hypomagnesemia causes refractory hypokalemia and refractory hypocalcemia.