Renal ยท CKD definition, staging, progression, mineral bone disease, anemia, uremic complications, cardiovascular disease, dialysis
By completing this question set, you will be able to define CKD by KDIGO criteria, stage it by GFR and albuminuria, and rank its causes. You will trace the vicious cycle of progressive nephron loss through compensatory hyperfiltration, podocyte injury, proteinuria, and fibrosis, and explain how ACEi/ARBs and SGLT2 inhibitors interrupt this cycle. You will trace the complete secondary hyperparathyroidism cascade from reduced GFR to bone disease, distinguish the three types of renal osteodystrophy, and select appropriate pharmacotherapy for mineral bone disease. You will explain why CKD causes normocytic anemia and why ESA therapy targets a subnormal hemoglobin. You will identify uremic complications by organ system, manage uremic platelet dysfunction, and determine when dialysis is indicated. You will predict cardiovascular complications as the leading cause of CKD mortality and explain the cardiorenal syndrome.